Microevolution & Macroevolution
p. 120-128
Microevolution
} ______________________________________________________________________________
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} Polymorphism – _________________________________________________________________
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} Gene pool – ____________________________________________________________________
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} Allelic frequency – _______________________________________________________________
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Genetic Equilibrium
} Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium – _____________________________________________________
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} In large ___________________________ populations, allelic frequencies and genotypic ratios attain an equilibrium in one generation and _______________________________ thereafter _____________________________ disturbed by recurring mutations, natural selection, migration, nonrandom mating, or genetic drift.
} These disturbances are the sources of _________________________________
_________________________________________________________________.
Genetic Drift
} ______________________________________________________________________________
} Occurs in all populations of _____________________________ size
} The smaller a population, the greater the genetic drift
} ______________________________________ effect occurs when there is a large reduction in the size of a population that increases evolutionary change by genetic drift.
} Associated with the founder effect
Nonrandom Mating
} Positive assortative mating – ______________________________________________________
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} Increases ________________________________________________
} Typically affects 1 or a few traits at a time
} Inbreeding – ____________________________________________________________________
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} Increases ________________________________________________
} Simultaneously affects all traits
Migration
} _______________________________________________________________________________
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} Prevents diverging populations
} Emigration – ____________________________________________________________________
} Immigration – __________________________________________________________________
Natural Selection
} Can change both ______________________________ and ______________________________ frequencies in a population
} Acts on the whole animals, not on isolated traits
} Relative fitness – ________________________________________________________________
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} High relative fitness – _______________________________________________________
} Low relative fitness – ________________________________________________________
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Macroevolution
} ______________________________________________________________________________
} Encompasses the origins of new organismal structures and designs, evolutionary trends, adaptive radiation, phylogenetic relationships of species, and mass extinction
} A species has 2 possible evolutionary fates
} _______________________________________________________________________
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} ________________________________________________________________________
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Species Selection
} ______________________________________________________________________________
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} Species level properties
} ________________________________________________________________________
} ________________________________________________________________________
} ________________________________________________________________________
} ________________________________________________________________________
} Etc.
Mass Extinctions
} ______________________________________________________________________________
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} Occur approximately every _____________________________________________
} Permian extinction
} ________________________________________________________
} 90% of marine invertebrate species disappeared within a few million years
} Cretaceous extinction
} 65 mya
} ________________________________________________________________________